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Learn more about psychoanalysis and how it can make a difference for a child or adolescent

What is Psychoanalysis?

The psychoanalytic point of view stresses the importance of understanding the inner world of the individual. Psychoanalysts recognize that development at all ages results from the complex interaction of body and mind, endowment and upbringing, the impact of family, community and culture. We seek to expand knowledge of the roles of physical health, parenting, emotions, trauma, and education in personality development and functioning.

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Setting a Child's Life on a Different Trajectory

Child psychoanalysis is much more intense than child psychotherapy. With the intensity of meeting four or five times a week changes occur that are just not possible in a less frequent form of treatment. Psychoanalysis can result in not just the reduction in anxiety, depression or behaviors that may be impulsive or self-defeating but set a child's life on a different trajectory through deep and lasting changes in personality along with the development of a capacity to grab hold of life and live it to the fullest.

Role of Play

Child psychotherapy differs from adult treatment because children can not talk about what bothers them in the same way that adults can. Children express how they feel through what they do, children often express their feelings in play. Child psychotherapy and Child Psychoanalysis make use of play as a form of communication. For example, a child who is preoccupied with feelings of sadness, anger, or episodes of abuse will express those feelings in their play once they feel safe and comfortable in the treatment.

Social Issues Toolbox

Below you will find links to resources and statements from psychoanalysts which are relevant to current events in the world. The opinions expressed here are those of the individual authors and not necessarily the official position of the Association for Child Psychoanalysis.

Refugee Children

Statement from the Association for Child Psychoanalysis (ACP) on Child-Parent Separation

June 18, 2018

by Justine Kalas Reeves

Dr. Justine Kalas Reeves, speaking on behalf of child therapists members of the Association for Child Psychoanalysis about forcibly separating children from their parents, wrote: “The quickest way to hurt a child is to separate him or her from caretaking parents (Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1980; Freud, A., 1941; Rutter, 2002). Our country’s child protection laws protect this basic human right of children and parents to stay together unless there is evidence of harm in the parent-child relationship. Likewise, most religions also consider the parent-child relationship sacrosanct. Slavery, mandatory boarding schools for native Americans or internment of the Japanese[1]forced separations of children and parents and in so doing dehumanized these groups.

Parents are severely harmed by this as well, as in the father so devastated by separation from his child and wife he took his life.[2] The border patrol who wondered why Marco Antonio Muñoz, 39, would commit suicide and never see his family again failed to recognize that children and parents alike suffer profound psychological and physiological separation distress that can be fatal. The image of the two-year old Honduran girl in the red top crying as her mother is searched in McAllen, Texas has brought tears to the world’s eyes[3]. The inconsolable two-year old described at a facility where they are not allowed to touch the child[4]is evidence of toxic trauma wrought by these forced separations (Freud, A., 1972).

Spitz showed that children who are not touched can die (1951). We are not like machines that just need any old electrical outlet to run; we are highly programmed to be in close physical contact with caregiving figures, and the food, ministrations, cleaning, clothing and comfort provided by those caregiving parents go together with this caring figure. An infant who loses his or her mother but gets formula and clothes is nonetheless a starving infant. Though older children with speech and the ability to hold in mind that they will see said parent again can survive separations, they too will suffer profoundly if they are given no information as to when next they will see a parent. Older children and adolescents are still highly psychologically dependent on parents for their physical and mental well-being. By law, the first eighteen years of a child’s life are protected from forced separations from parents in this country. It is imperative that infants, toddlers, school-aged children, including adolescents, and their parents have this most basic human right inviolate to effectively protect physical and psychological health.

Other therapists added their voices and images, like Phillip Hirshenfeld’s photos.

Children cannot wait for changes in legislation. Separating children from parents, parents from children, and compelling government workers to do it has to stop now.

From research on the transgenerational transfer of trauma, it is clear, such governmental practices will leave a permanent mark on this generation and future generations not just of immigrants and their children, nor just workers and their children, but may influence all of the children who will respond with terror to the news, see or hear of their parents’ explicit or hidden responses. Lenore Terr studied in 1977 the impact of child abduction on children, their families, and the community when 26 children were abducted in California. Studies of the Chowchilla children published in her book Too Scared to Cry showed that the impact of trauma is very broad and may affect even those who were just hearing the story of abduction.

Gabriele Schwab wrote in Haunting Legacies: Violent Histories and Transgenerational Trauma of the haunting legacy of trauma of children of perpetrators. She explored trouble with idealization of politics, of government, and of family members and not facing the reality of loss of faith in their capacity for compassion and respect for rights of others. She described how having a perpetrator in the family or belonging to a nation perpetrating violations of human rights affects identity formation derived from guilt, shame and mortification. Shame and mortification leads to hiding. The identity formation that allows continuous lies and secrets due to inability to save face, leads to hiding for generations. The question which one of us or which group of us are despicable, who are “good” people and who are evil is present in our daily life on the streets, at the borders of our country and in our families. The particular forms in troubled identity formation described by Dr. Schwab have to do with emotional conflicts over ethnic, cultural or national interpellations. We are in the middle of a crisis of anti-black, anti-Muslim or anti-immigrant feelings, just to name a few. She brings forth Althusser’s definition of interpellation as the lumping together of subjects into specific cultural, political or legal positions. In other words there is no such thing as different race; all human beings are Homo Sapiens. However, if we walk down the street and hear the policeman say, “Hey, stop immediately!” or we see a police car behind us with lights flashing we feel interpellated in the same way as a criminal would even if we have never committed a crime, if we are not black, Muslim or an immigrant.

President Trump signed the order to stop policies to separate children from parents, but did not comment on how 2500 children will be reunited with their families and how our government will begin reparations and/or stop inhumane immigration policies. For all our children there is no time, it has to happen now. Adults have to do the work in a short foreseeable future.

References

Bowlby J (1999) [1969]. Attachment. Attachment and Loss (vol. 1) (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-00543-8. LCCN 00266879. OCLC 11442968. NLM 8412414.

Bowlby J (1973). Separation: Anxiety & Anger. Attachment and Loss (vol. 2); (International psycho-analytical library no.95). London: Hogarth Press. ISBN 0-7126-6621-4. OCLC 8353942.

Bowlby J (1980). Loss: Sadness & Depression. Attachment and Loss (vol. 3); (International psycho-analytical library no.109). London: Hogarth Press. ISBN 0-465-04238-4. OCLC 59246032

Freud, A. (1972). Comments on Aggression. Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 53:163-171

Rutter, M.(2002). "Nature, Nurture, and Development: From Evangelism through Science toward Policy and Practice". Child Development. 73 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00388. PMID 14717240.

Spitz, R.A. (1951). The Psychogenic Diseases in Infancy—An Attempt at their Etiologic Classification. Psychoanal. St. Child, 6:255-275

[1]Washington Post, May 31, 2018: ” ‘Barbaric’: America’s cruel history of separating children from their parents,” by DeNeen Brown.[2]Washington Post, June 9, 2018: “A Famly was separated at the border, and this distraught father took his own life” by Nick Miroff.

[3]New York Times, June 16, 2018: “How Trump Came to Enforce a Practice of Separating Migrant Families,” by Julie Hirschfeld David and Michael D. Shear.

[4]Washington Post, June 16, 2018: “ ‘America is better than this’: what a doctor saw in a Texas shelter for migrant children,” by Kristine Phillips.

Trauma of separating children from their parents.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15569187/2018/15/3

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/child-development-experts-explain-that-disturbing-family-reunification-video_n_5b85d182e4b0162f471d5109?ncid=APPLENEWS00001

https://www.nctsn.org/treatments-and-practices/core-curriculum-childhood-trauma

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/30/us/migrant-family-separations.amp.html

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aps.1584

https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/28/style/relationships-helping-bereaved-children.html

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/thriving/201806/separation-is-never-ending-attachment-is-human-right

https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2019/09/04/watchdog-separated-migra...

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15569187/2018/15/3

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/separated-children-at-the-border/